Violence and Atrocities against Rohingya Women in Myanmar and Bangladesh from 2012 to 2019: The Implementation of Responsibility

For a long time, violence has been perpetrated against Rohingya women. However, since 2012, the violence has peaked. The Myanmar government is seen as failing to protect its people (the Rohingya) from continuing to be victims ofviolence. Thus, this research was conducted to examine how the principle of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is used to protect Rohingya women who are victims. The three main objectives
of this research are (1) to identify the sexual violence inflicted on Rohingya women in Myanmar; (2) to identify the physical and mental effects experienced by Rohingya women as a result of violence; and (3) to analyse the implementation of R2P with a focus on victim protection and treatment. This study uses the R2P principles introduced by the United Nations (UN). This is qualitative research, using both primary and secondary data, obtained from a range of sources. Primary data was collected from interview sessions with 33 informants, consisting of 12 Rohingya refugees, 7 academics, 8 NGOs, and 6 journalists. The field research was conducted from May 2018 to August 2019 around Kuala Lumpur and Kedah. Secondary data was obtained from a range of publicly available secondary sources, including academic articles, empirical research and public reports. The results of the research are as follows: (1) The most common form of violence against Rohingya women was brutal rape, which occurred in three stages: during the conflict, during the flight, and in the country of asylum; (2) Victims were subjected to physical violence and trauma as a result of attacks during operations and ongoing in refugee camps; and (3) The Myanmar government failed to prevent violence against the Rohingya ethnic group. The R2P framework offers three pillars as guidelines for addressing ongoing atrocities against Rohingya women, which include responsibilities to prevent, protect and rebuild. Under pillars two and three, assistance from the international community consists of various actors such as UN entities, NGOs, governments of other countries, and media relations. This research concludes that the second and third pillars of R2P were used to protect the Rohingya women victims when Myanmar failed to protect them from violence and atrocities.

Keganasan terhadap wanita Rohingya telah berlaku sejak lama dahulu. Namun sejak 2012, keganasan itu memuncak. Kerajaan Myanmar dilihat gagal vmtuk melindungi rakyatnya (kaum Rohingya) daripada terns menjadi mangsa keganasan. Oleh itu, kajian ini dijalankan bagi mengkaji bagaimana prinsip Responsibility to Protect (R2P) digunakan bagi melindungi wanita Rohingya yang menjadi mangsa ini, Terdapat tiga objektif utama kajian ini iaitu (1) mengenal pasti bentuk keganasan seksual yang dilakukan terhadap wanita Rohingya di Myanmar, (2) mengkaji kesan fizikal dan mental yang dialami wanita Rohingya akibat keganasan, dan (3) menganalisis pelaksanaan R2P dengan fokus pada perlindungan dan rawatan mangsa. Kajian ini menggunakan prinsip R2P yang diperkenalkan oleh Pertubuhan Bangsa - Bangsa Bersatu (PBB), Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah kualitatif dengan data diperoleh daripada sumber primer dan sekunder. Data utama dikumpulkan daripada temubual yang melibatkan 33 informan terdiri daripada 12 pelarian Rohingya, 7 ahli akademik, 8 NGO dan 6 wartawan. Kajian lapangan dilakukan dari Mei 2018 sehingga Ogos 2019 di sekitar Kuala Lumpur dan Kedah. Data sekunder daripada sumber emperikal, seperti tesis, jumal dan data dalam talian. Hasil kajian ini mendapati (1) Keganasan utama terhadap wanita Rohingya adalah diperkosa secara kejam dan mangsa mengalami tiga fasa keganasan iaitu di semasa konflik, semasa melarikan din dan di negara suaka, (2) Mangsa mengalami keganasan fizikal dan trauma akibat serangan semasa operasi dan berterusan di kem pelarian, dan (3) Disebabkan kerajaan Myanmar gagal menyekat keganasan terhadap etnik Rohingya, maka tiang kedua dan ketiga R2P digunakan untuk memberi perlindungan kepada mangsa. Rangka keija R2P menawarkan tiga tonggak sebagai panduan untuk menangani kekejaman yang sedang berlaku terhadap wanita Rohingya, yang meliputi tanggungjawab untuk mencegah, melindungi dan memperkasa wanita Rohingya. Di bawah tiang dua dan tiga, melibatkan bantuan daripada masyarakat antarabangsa terdiri daripada pelbagai pelaku seperti, entiti PBB, NGO, negara lain dan pengamal media. Penyelidikan ini menyimpulkan, tiang R2P kedua dan ketiga digunakan untuk melindimgi wanita Rohinya yang menjadi mangsa apabila Myanmar gagal mereka daripada keganasan dan kekejaman.