Physical and mechanical properties studies of low brass filler polymer reinforced biomaterial

The existing Titanium Dioxide filler in Fabricating Articular Cartilage Scaffold (MFACS) was over-strengthened, resulting in bone and joint ruptures before MFACS. The best design should replace an appropriate metal filler to provide adequate mechanical strength for structural integrity with additional stress diversification and absorption mechanism. The bio-fabrication method was a metal filler polymer reinforced method that mixed, blended and heated the raw materials before pouring them into mould casting, reinforcement and specimen cutting. The Low Brass (Grade 80Cu20Zn) advantages were features such as corrosion protection, easy implantable, injectable and antimicrobial. The oxygen existence of Titanium (IV) Dioxide, which stuck the fluid flow of nutrient supply to articular cartilage tissue (ACT). The Low Brass ionized Zn2+ and Cu2+ ions, which initiated co-ions of streaming potential, resulting in the nutrient supply from swelling effect. The Polyester Urethane (PEU) monomer ions were stabilized by the copper ion from Low Brass at its highest valence state that filled all orbitals twice with a 5-Ringed complex formation. The tensile strength, strain at break and Young’s modulus increased according to the Low Brass filler composition percentage, which were higher than Titanium Dioxide and ACT due to the better blending and processing methods. Low Brass had a dissimilar inter-atomic bonding tendency between the Zn solute and the Cu solvent, which attempted to configure a possible low-temperature with the nearest neighbour configuration. This absorbed force resulted in higher tensile strength in Low Brass. The Low Brass filler contradict had higher tensile strength than Titanium Dioxide because the additional continuous direct recrystallization mechanism occurred to store the strength. The flexural stress, flexural displacement and flexural modulus increased exponentially according to the increment of Low Brass filler composition percentage because of the better mixing in biomaterial. The bending in the lattice plane texture with the same axis direction was very important to keep structural integrity. Therefore, the Low Brass filler biomaterial had enough mechanical strength to keep the ACT’s structural integrity. The textural morphologies and phenotype expressions of PEU solvent, Low Brass powder and biomaterial were investigated using optical microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) at various magnifications. PEU micrographs showed morphology with cross-linking and chain-extender features and phenotype expressions of sphere-ball shape and inter-strand ladder that were similar to the triple helix crystal structure of collagen. The Low Brass powder micrographs exhibited the bone-shaped morphology and long round-shaped phenotype expression. Its granular average diameter of 32.6 pm was appropriate to the ACT cell of 13 pm. All the biomaterial micrographs on the surface, side and cross-section views exhibited the porous morphology and round-shaped pore phenotype expression. Their pore diameters ranged from 178.6 nm to 736.9 nm, which were appropriate to the healthy ACT cell pore. The round-shaped pore was an appropriate architectural design observed by FESEM, which supported the current biological environment of the ACT network structure. This biomaterial design provided sufficient porosity for efficient cell migration, nutrient diffusion and waste drainage.