Defense energy-efficient Lora Mesh network topologies in disaster operations

Amidst the changing realm of radio communication and IoT frameworks, the formulation of propagation models aligns with emerging IoT communication protocols for optimal performance. This study delves into the judicious arrangement of LoRa gateways and nodes to facilitate effective communication in the context of disaster operations. The complexities confronting emergency management, notably the Malaysia Civil Defence Force (MCDF), are heightened by the escalating intricacy of disasters and emergencies. The continuous amelioration of search and rescue operations, evacuation procedures, emergency medical services, and the provisioning of essential amenities is imperative. Consequently, a tangible solution materializes in the form of a prototype device integrating a comprehensive LoRa radio module. Functioning within the 433MHz and 868MHz frequency bands, this energy-efficient, long-range transceiver streamlines efficient communication. The proposed offline communication network incorporates primary LoRa modules and an array of LoRa submodules, providing Wi-Fi access points and facilitating communication through Wi-Fienabled smart devices. This setup empowers survivors to relay vital details to rescue teams via LoRa communication, thereby expediting essential actions. Suggestions for bolstering security measures for mobile devices operating in ad hoc mode and a meticulous examination of gateway-free solutions in LoRa mesh networks for practical disaster scenarios are put forth. Future work endeavours aim to augment the efficacy of disaster management initiatives reliant on LoRa technology.