Analysis of waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCO) synthesis with Ti02 impregnated CaO from waste shells nano-catalyst

The development of clean and renewable energy sources has become crucial due to the rapid rise in crude oil prices, depleting fossil fuel reserves, and increase in environmental pollution caused by various industries. Due to this phenomenon, biodiesel has emerged as a renewable and eco-friendly alternative to conventional diesel fuel because it is non-toxic and biodegradable. Waste cooking oil (WCO) is one of the best resources in biodiesel production which it has high potential such as saving ecological systems, improving pollution, preventing food supplies and more economic. But this WCO cannot be used directly into diesel combustion due to their properties are not good as diesel fuel. Thus, it needs to be converted as biodiesel fuel. In biodiesel synthesis process, the catalyst for instance KOH, NaOH, HCL, H2S04 etc. plays a significant role to increase their yield but also need a washing process. Currently, the synthesis of WCO biodiesel using CaO-Ti02 nanoparticles as catalyst could be an excellent alternative because it eliminates the biodiesel's washing step and catalyst can be reused. Hence, the cost of biodiesel production will be reduced. CaO catalyst was produced by using waste cockle and sea snail shells as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly heterogeneous catalyst. In addition, Ti02 impregnated CaO nanoparticles also have been studied through the ultrasonication process for the improvement in thermo-physical properties of catalyst reaction. It showed that, the 1 5:1 ratio is the ideal ratio for conversion of biodiesel production for both catalysts, which are 99.52% by using CaO catalyst and 97.63% by using CaO-Ti02 catalyst. Moreover, the average time reaction of biodiesel production is 150 minutes, equivalent to two and half hours. So, the usage of the catalyst may be reduced efficiently.